Dead Sea - Wikipedia. The Dead Sea (Hebrew: . Its surface and shores are 4. The Dead Sea is 3. With 3. 4. 2% salinity (in 2. The Dead Sea is 5. It was one of the world's first health resorts (for Herod the Great), and it has been the supplier of a wide variety of products, from asphalt for Egyptianmummification to potash for fertilizers. People also use the salt and the minerals from the Dead Sea to create cosmetics and herbal sachets. The Dead Sea water has a density of 1. Multiple canals and pipelines were proposed to reduce its recession, which had begun causing many problems. The Red Sea–Dead Sea Water Conveyance project, carried out by Jordan, will provide water to neighboring countries, while the brine will be carried to the Dead Sea to help stabilize its levels. The first phase of the project is scheduled to begin in 2.
The Bible uses this term alongside two others: the Sea of the Arabah (Y. Another historic name in Arabic was the . The Greeks called it Lake Asphaltites (Attic Greek. This left lateral- moving transform fault lies along the tectonicplate boundary between the African Plate and the Arabian Plate. The History of the Dead Sea Works; Dead Sea Resources - Basis for Fertilizers: Potassium and Potash, Phosphoric Acid; Dead Sea Bromine and Magnesium. If you are planning to combine a visit to the Dead Sea with a diving trip to Aqaba during your stay in Jordan, do the Dead Sea experience first. Unwind from the grid by treating skin to a much needed respite with this nutrient rich mask. Dead Sea Minerals and sea salts replenish and balance moisture while. It runs between the East Anatolian Fault zone in Turkey and the northern end of the Red Sea Rift offshore of the southern tip of Sinai. It is here that the Upper Jordan River/Sea of Galilee/Lower Jordan River water system comes to an end. The Jordan River is the only major water source flowing into the Dead Sea, although there are small perennial springs under and around the Dead Sea, forming pools and quicksand pits along the edges. The highlands east of the Dead Sea receive more rainfall than the Dead Sea itself. To the west of the Dead Sea, the Judaean mountains rise less steeply and are much lower than the mountains to the east. Along the southwestern side of the lake is a 2. The older hypothesis is that the Dead Sea lies in a true rift zone, an extension of the Red Sea Rift, or even of the Great Rift Valley of eastern Africa. A more recent hypothesis is that the Dead Sea basin is a consequence of a . The waters formed in a narrow, crooked bay that is called by geologists the Sedom Lagoon, which was connected to the sea through what is now the Jezreel Valley. The floods of the valley came and went depending on long- scale climate change. Thus, the long lagoon became a landlocked lake. The Sedom Lagoon extended at its maximum from the Sea of Galilee in the north to somewhere around 5. Dead Sea, and the subsequent lakes obviously never surpassed this expanse. The Hula Depression was never part of any of these water bodies due to its higher elevation and the high threshold of the Korazim block separating it from the Sea of Galilee basin. As the climate became more arid, Lake Lisan finally shrank and became saltier, leaving the Dead Sea as its last remainder. The sediment was heavier than the salt deposits and squeezed the salt deposits upwards into what are now the Lisan Peninsula and Mount Sodom (on the southwest side of the lake). Geologists explain the effect in terms of a bucket of mud into which a large flat stone is placed, forcing the mud to creep up the sides of the bucket. When the floor of the Dead Sea dropped further due to tectonic forces, the salt mounts of Lisan and Mount Sodom stayed in place as high cliffs (see salt dome). From 7. 0,0. 00 to 1. This lake, Lake Lisan, fluctuated dramatically, rising to its highest level around 2. Near East. During the last several thousand years, the lake has fluctuated approximately 4. Current theories as to the cause of this dramatic drop in levels rule out volcanic activity; therefore, it may have been a seismic event. Climate. The Dead Sea's climate offers year- round sunny skies and dry air. It has less than 5. Winter average temperatures range between 2. The region has weaker ultraviolet radiation, particularly the UVB (erythrogenic rays). Given the higher atmospheric pressure, the air has a slightly higher oxygen content (3. During the winter, sea temperatures tend to be higher than land temperatures, and vice versa during the summer months. This is the result of the water's mass and specific heat capacity. On average, there are 1. C (8. 6F) annually. The topmost 3. 5 meters (1. Dead Sea had an average salinity of 3. Underneath a zone of transition, the lowest level of the Dead Sea had waters of a consistent 2. By 1. 97. 5, the upper water layer was saltier than the lower layer. Nevertheless, the upper layer remained suspended above the lower layer because its waters were warmer and thus less dense. When the upper layer cooled so its density was greater than the lower layer, the waters mixed (1. For the first time in centuries, the lake was a homogeneous body of water. Since then, stratification has begun to redevelop. The exact composition of the Dead Sea water varies mainly with season, depth and temperature. In the early 1. 98. Dead Sea surface water was Cl. The total salinity was 2. In comparison, the salt in the water of most oceans and seas is approximately 8. The concentration of sulfate ions (SO4. This is unusually high and results in a nominal density of 1. Anyone can easily float in the Dead Sea because of natural buoyancy. In this respect the Dead Sea is similar to the Great Salt Lake in Utah in the United States. An unusual feature of the Dead Sea is its discharge of asphalt. From deep seeps, the Dead Sea constantly spits up small pebbles and blocks of the black substance. Egyptianmummification processes used asphalt imported from the Dead Sea region. The mineral content of the water, the low content of pollens and other allergens in the atmosphere, the reduced ultraviolet component of solar radiation, and the higher atmospheric pressure at this great depth each may have specific health effects. For example, persons experiencing reduced respiratory function from diseases such as cystic fibrosis seem to benefit from the increased atmospheric pressure. According to researchers of the Ben Gurion University of the Negev, treatment with mineral- rich mud compresses can be used to augment conventional medical therapy. The Dead Sea temporarily comes to life in the wake of rainy winters. In 1. 98. 0, after one such rainy winter, the normally dark blue Dead Sea turned red. Researchers from Hebrew University of Jerusalem found the Dead Sea to be teeming with a type of alga called Dunaliella. Dunaliella in turn nourished carotenoid- containing (red- pigmented) halobacteria, whose presence caused the color change. Since 1. 98. 0, the Dead Sea basin has been dry and the algae and the bacteria have not returned in measurable numbers. In 2. 01. 1 a group of scientists from Be'er Sheva, Israel and Germany discovered fissures in the floor of the Dead Sea by scuba diving and observing the surface. These fissures allow fresh and brackish water to enter the Dead Sea. They sampled biofilms surrounding the fissures and discovered numerous species of bacteria and archaea. Hikers can see ibex, hares, hyraxes, jackals, foxes, and even leopards. Hundreds of bird species inhabit the zone as well. Both Jordan and Israel have established nature reserves around the Dead Sea. The delta of the Jordan River was formerly a jungle of papyrus and palm trees. The Jewish historian Flavius Josephus described Jericho as . In Roman and Byzantine times, sugarcane. One of the most valuable products produced by Jericho was the sap of the balsam tree, which could be made into perfume. By the 1. 9th century, Jericho's fertility had disappeared. These include Ein Gedi, Neve Zohar and the Israeli settlements in the Megilot Regional Council: Kalya, Mitzpe Shalem and Avnat. There is a nature preserve at Ein Gedi, and several Dead Sea hotels are located on the southwest end at Ein Bokek near Neve Zohar. Highway 9. 0 runs north- south on the Israeli side for a total distance of 5. Metula on the Lebanese border in the north to its southern terminus at the Egyptian border near the Red Sea port of Eilat. Potash City is a small community on the Jordanian side of the Dead Sea, and others including Suweima. Highway 6. 5 runs north- south on the Jordanian side from near Jordan's northern tip down past the Dead Sea to the port of Aqaba. Human history. Biblical period. Dwelling in caves near the Dead Sea is recorded in the Hebrew Bible as having taken place before the Israelites came to Canaan, and extensively at the time of King David. Just northwest of the Dead Sea is Jericho. Somewhere, perhaps on the southeastern shore, would be the cities mentioned in the Book of Genesis which were said to have been destroyed in the time of Abraham: Sodom and Gomorra (Genesis 1. Zoar escaped destruction when Abraham's nephew Lot escaped to Zoar from Sodom (Genesis 1. Before the destruction, the Dead Sea was a valley full of natural tar pits, which was called the vale of Siddim. King David was said to have hidden from Saul at Ein Gedi nearby. In Ezekiel. 47: 8- 9 there is a specific prophecy that the sea will . A similar prophecy is stated in Zechariah. The Nabateans and others discovered the value of the globs of natural asphalt that constantly floated to the surface where they could be harvested with nets. The Egyptians were steady customers, as they used asphalt in the embalming process that created mummies. The Ancient Romans knew the Dead Sea as . The most famous was Masada, where in 7. CE a small group of Jewish zealots fled after the fall of the destruction of the Second Temple. The zealots survived until 7. CE, when a siege by the X Legion ended in the deaths by suicide of its 9. Another historically important fortress was Machaerus (. However, he referred to the lake by its Greek name, Asphaltites. The best known of these are the Essenes of Qumran, who left an extensive library known as the Dead Sea Scrolls. These towns had drinking water from the Ein Feshcha springs and other sweetwater springs in the vicinity. The remoteness of the region attracted Greek Orthodoxmonks since the Byzantine era.
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